Godwin, William. Of Population. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, Paternoster Row, 1820.
CHAPTER IV.
ACCOUNTS WHICH ARE GIVEN OF THE POPULATION OF SWEDEN.
HAVING thus delivered what may perhaps be found to be the fundamental principle of our subject, we may profitably proceed to the examination of such documents, as the assiduity of political governors, or the industry of authors who have for whatever reason concerned themselves with the numbers of mankind, has collected on the subject of the populousness of nations.
It will be clear from what has been said, that tables of population for any very limited period, which do not distinguish the sexes and the different ages of the inhabitants of a country, are absolutely of no use in determining the question of the power, generally, or in any particular case, of progressive increase in the numbers of mankind, The two enumerations therefore, which were made of the people of Great Britain in 1801 and 1811, are merely so much labour thrown away.
Having taken some pains to look through all that is known of the population of countries, I can find nothing that affords a chance of reasonable satisfaction, except the accounts which have been published of the population of Sweden. To them therefore for the present I shall particularly direct my attention.
Sweden is a regio pene toto divisa orbe. It receives few emigrants, and sends forth few colonies. In the period to which the accounts relate that I am about to produce, this kingdom has enjoyed a great portion of internal tranquillity; and, as will more fully appear in the sequel, has possessed almost every imaginable advantage for the increase of its inhabitants by direct procreation.
Of the people of Sweden I find an account to have been taken, from three years to three years, in the enlightened manner above suggested, that is, under separate heads as to sex and age, from the year 1751, to, 1 believe, the year 1775. From that period it has been continued to the present time, with an interval of five years between each enumeration.
The collectors of the Swedish enumerations have further presented us with Tables of the annual births, marriages and deaths; and have even, in two instances, proceeded to compare the population as it is, with the population as it ought to be: thus,
For the year 1780.
Ought to be ---------------- 2,780,334,
Is-------------------------------2,782,168
And again for 1795.
Ought to be ------------------3,078,308
Is -------------------------------3,043,731a.
Now the upper line in each of these examples, I conceive, can mean nothing else, than that, if we add the report of the intermediate births to the preceding enumeration, and subtract the intermediate deaths, the result ought to be as here stated. If this be the case, it is certainly worthy of remark, how near the computatory and the actual enumerations come to each other, and consequently how high a degree of credit is due -to the Swedish Tables.
A
judicious abstract of the information then existing on the subject, was
published in the Swedish language, in the Memoirs of the Royal Aeademy of Sciences at Stockholm for the Year 1766, by Mr.
Peter Wargentin, secretary to that institution.
A continuation of Mr. Wargentin's paper has appeared,
but somewhat irregularly, in the subsequent volumes of the same collection. I
will set out with exhibiting an ample specimen of these Tables of population.b
TABLE I.
Containing an Abstract of the Bills of Mortality
For the Years 1755, 1756, and 1757 and a
Summary of the Enumeration for 1757
Annual Deaths, being an Average of Deaths during the Years 1755, 1756, 1757
|
Number of Living in 1757
|
|
Males
|
Fem
|
|
Males
|
Females
|
Still-born
Died under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
1301
10542
3884
1922
1639
739
635
826
845
909
819
1012
899
1090
1102
1214
1222
1390
1056
733
412
240
|
950
9348
4027
1800
1566
716
607
716
836
1014
757
969
774
941
1100
1481
1693
2009
1593
1244
673
407
|
Born
Under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
44795
33731
63954
64380
123984
114606
95354
91460
86947
82716
68516
58990
50658
43500
39091
28557
22293
16390
9236
4060
1690
583
|
42999
33459
64883
65045
125175
114203
100087
104873
99781
90880
75563
65443
58162
51973
48599
39580
33559
24913
14679
6786
2932
1026
|
|
33130
|
34269
|
Males
Females
|
1121595
1221600
|
1221600
|
|
|
|
Total
|
2323195
|
|
Table II.
Average Deaths during the Years 1758, 1759, 1760
|
Number of Living in 1760
|
|
Males
|
Fem
|
|
Males
|
Females
|
Still-born
Died under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
1183
9239
3020
1549
1605
736
678
862
932
1020
957
1150
1160
1251
1378
1401
1306
1432
1187
846
410
223
|
309
7789
2861
1482
1435
691
639
772
957
1151
918
1184
990
1167
1307
1749
760
2275
1825
1341
669
392
|
Born
Under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
44174
37323
66034
65828
128627
121525
97621
88752
85001
81433
70773
61158
51407
43897
37224
82329
21438
15102
9096
418
1513
555
|
42381
37272
66860
66923
129332
119514
101633
103613
100614
92154
79066
68645
59889
51872
46402
42647
30169
25299
14265
7387
2571
1019
|
|
32357
|
33354
|
Males
Females
|
1121053
1246545
|
1246545
|
|
|
|
Total
|
2367598
|
|
TABLE III
Average Deaths during the Years 1761, 1762, 1763
|
Number of Living in 1763
|
|
Males
|
Fem
|
|
Males
|
Females
|
Still-born
Died under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
1324
11172
4393
2206
2151
933
711
834
883
1020
955
1180
1099
1280
1177
1586
1237
1322
1092
917
414
215
|
988
9850
4336
2249
2057
834
658
756
863
1146
923
1170
938
1113
1097
1721
1566
2041
1695
1446
650
379
|
Born
Under 1 year
Between 1-5
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
Upwards of 90
|
45892
36094
66059
66454
130019
126696
108312
92299
88056
85936
74826
67448
52398
47298
37086
34892
20649
15454
8858
4620
1508
527
|
43904
35453
67234
67711
130758
128021
109985
105115
101003
95811
81453
74854
59551
56646
45537
44925
28964
23159
13556
7487
2694
988
|
|
36777
|
37488
|
Males
Females
|
1165489
1280905
|
1280905
|
|
|
|
Total
|
2446394
|
|
TABLE IV
Account
of the Births, Marriages, and Deaths in the Kingdom of Sweden for Fifteen
Years.
Years
|
Births
|
Marriages
|
Deaths
|
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
|
76766
82360
89341
84110
84406
90021
91767
89739
81878
83299
85579
90635
90075
89162
90152
|
19045
20927
21335
20922
20089
21994
21472
20007
18799
19484
23210
23383
22421
21467
20927
|
617483
58939
57663
60456
54977
64715
64982
69161
68034
74370
62662
60083
63183
74520
85093
|
TABLE V
Enumerations of the People of Sweden for 1800 and 1805
1800
|
1805
|
|
Males
|
Fem
|
Males
|
Fem
|
Under 1 Year
Between 1 &3
3-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
to 95
100
101,2,3
104
06
08
|
41,515
83,903
86,536
167,795
154,453
137,972
130,552
113,470
109,649
100,052
93,442
81,703
68,856
52,221
41,881
31,961
20,768
10,667
4,087
1,151
213
|
40,424
84,253
87,352
168,316
153,392
142,292
141,914
125,059
120,134
110,302
101,597
91,244
77,980
61,066
51,480
41,125
27,787
15,009
6,249
1,884
424
|
47,688
87,373
83,387
174,332
169,054
143,232
134,518
127,503
108,152
100,714
95,743
82,968
75,046
56,953
43,888
29,965
21,167
11,372
4,827
1,280
273
45
5
1
|
47,413
88,982
84,672
174,736
168,529
147,582
144,432
135,583
118,076
112,212
106,057
92,779
84,680
67,302
52,499
39,785
29,494
16,345
7,396
2,095
437
66
6
2
1
1
|
|
1,532,849
|
1,649,283
|
1,599,487
|
1,721,160
|
3,182,132
|
3,320,647
|
TABLE VI
Population of the Diocese of Upsal.
|
Number of the Living
|
|
|
|
Unmarried above 15
|
Under 15
|
|
Year
|
Males
|
Fem
|
Total
|
Subsisting
Marriages
|
Widowers
|
Widows
|
Males
|
Fem
|
Males
|
Fem
|
Households
|
1749
1752
1755
1760
1763
1766
1769
1772
1773
|
90503
93441
97355
95966
99933
102949
104824
105564
109989
|
105926
108752
110949
113384
114112
117057
118671
119081
116725
|
196429
202193
208304
209350
214045
220006
223495
224645
220714
|
36279
37474
38872
38851
40492
41273
42055
41652
40682
|
2083
1750
2055
2148
2228
2328
2158
2671
3151
|
11848
11774
11537
12621
11874
12267
12202
12381
12039
|
21059
21381
22232
21726
21826
23438
24564
25455
25826
|
25818
27432
27209
27325
26921
27827
28139
28989
29330
|
31650
32364
33652
33629
25063
35902
36079
35792
34357
|
31412
32544
33874
43199
35154
35688
36242
36053
34654
|
29494
28014
29007
29262
30568
33417
33688
33580
32944
|
TABLE VII.
A General View of the Increase of the Population of Sweden
Years
|
Population
|
Interval
|
Increase
|
Proportion
|
1751
1757
1760
1763
1775
1780
1795
1800
1805
or without Finland
1805
1810
1815
|
2,229,611
2,323,195
2,367,598
2,446,394
2,630,992
2,782,168
3,013,731
3,182,132
3,320,647
2,424,874
2,377,851
2,465,066
|
6 years
3 years
3 years
12 years
5 years
15 years
5 years
5 years
5 years
5 years
|
93,534
44,403
78,796
184,598
151,176
261,563
138,401
138,515
Diminution
87,215
|
1/24
1/32
1/30
1/13
1/10
1/10
1/22
1/23
1/27
|
Total Increase in 54 years, from 1751 to 1805,
1,091,016, or ½ nearly.
The first remark that suggests itself on these tables is, that they constitute the only documents which prove from actual observation, and in the compass of ordinary history, that there is a power of numerical increase in the human species. Exclusively of this evidence, all is conjecture merely; and one man has as much right to believe, with Montesquieu, that the race of mankind is by a fatal necessity rapidly verging towards extinction, as another to embrace the wild and chimerical opinions of Mr. Mai thus, and the far-famed doctrine of the geometrical ratio.
In Sweden there has been for a certain period a progressive increase of population; and we have great reason to believe that this increase is chiefly or solely the effect of the principle of procreation. To judge from what has appeared in fifty-four years, from 1751 to 1805, we should say that the human species, in some situations, and under some circumstances, might double itself in somewhat more than one hundred years.
This is all that is known on the subject, which is in the smallest degree calculated to afford a foundation for Mr. Malthus's theories. For it will fully appear, when we come to treat of the United States of North America, that they do not yield him the slightest support.
This is all that is known in any degree favour, able to Mr. Malthus's theories. What then is there that is known on the other side?
Every thing which has been brought together in the former book. We have not the smallest reason to believe, that the population of the earth has increased, or that the human race is in any way more numerous now, than it was three thousand years ago. This is a fact worthy of the most serious consideration:
Mr. Malthus dismisses this question in the slightest manner, and in his usual summary and dictatorial way pronounces that it is vice and misery that keep down the numbers of mankind. As his theory is delivered in three lines, "Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio:" so his answer to every objection lies also in three lines, "The positive checks to population are various, and include every cause whether arising from vice or misery, which in any degree contributes to shorten the natural duration of human life."c
It is not thus that the subject will be treated in after-ages, and when philosophy shall have extended its empire over this topic as over others. Mr. Malthus has taken his contemporaries by surprise, and, partly by the dazzling simplicity of his hypothesis, and partly by its tendency, supporting as it does, and furnishing the apology of, almost all human vices, and particularly those of the rich and great, has gained a countless number of adherents.
But what he has here delivered has not even the semblance of science. And patient men, I will venture to predict, will hereafter arise, who will look narrowly into the subject, and will endeavour from clear and intelligible principles, not by one sweeping and unlimited clause, to account for the facts brought together in my first book.
The question then will be, to consider, What is the reason that the multiplication of mankind, such
as we find it for fifty-four years in Sweden, has never prevailed for any very
extensive period of time, in any country of the world.d
This question necessarily involves with it another, and infinitely important
question, Whether it is in any way the duty of political governments, or of
those who possess power over their fellow-men, to meditate or provide any
purposed or intentional checks against the increase of the human race?
My concern in
the present Book is with the question, after what rate it is possible, judging
from facts and actual experience, for the race of mankind, under the most favourable circumstances, to increase. It will be the
object of the Third Book, to put together such hints as I have been able to
collect, and such reflections as have occurred to me, that may be calculated to
afford a methodical and satisfactory solution of the fact generally as to the
non-increase of the human race. At least I shall hope, as I said in a former
instance,e that "some
foundation will be laid by me, and the principle will begin to be
understood." I am anxious to "set before other enquirers evidence that
they may scan, and arguments which, if convincing, they may expand, and if
otherwise, which they may refute." I am anxious to furnish the materials
of a solution, if not a solution in all its forms, of the phenomenon of the
non-increase of the human race so far as the records of authentic profane
history extend.
The population of Sweden in 1805, as appears from the actual enumeration, amounted to 3,320,647
Now let us take half this number the population of 1705: 1,660,323
By the same rule the population will be in 1605: 830,162
in 1505: 415,081
in 1405: 207,840
in 1305: 103,770
in 1205: 51,885
in 1105: 25,942
in 1005: 12,971
in" 905: 6,485
in 805: 3,242
in 705: 1,621
in 605: 810
in 505: 405
"So that by this way of calculation Sweden contained, at the time of the destruction of the Western Empire in 476, little more than three hundred souls, and when this part of the globe began to send forth its hordes, which destroyed the power of the Romans, and charged the face of the world, it could scarcely boast a human inhabitant.
a Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Stockholm, for the Year 1799
b Of the Tables I have here inserted,
the first four are to be found in the volume of the Swedish Memoirs for 1766,
the fifth in the volume for 1809, and the 6th in the volume for 1776. The
seventh is a Table of my own construction, founded generally on the
enumerations I met with dispersed in different volumes of this work.
c Essay on Population, Vol. I. p. 21.
d "It may be worth while to illustrate this proposition in figures, thus:
e Page 3.
|